AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room
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AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Free Response Questions
The best way to get better at FRQs is practice. Browse through dozens of practice AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQs to get ready for the big day.
Air Velocity Measurement with a Pitot Tube
A Pitot tube is used in a wind tunnel to measure the airspeed. The device records a pressure differe
Airflow and Lift on an Aircraft Wing using Bernoulli's Principle
An aircraft wing is designed so that the airspeed over the top surface is 250 m/s and beneath the wi
Airflow over an Airfoil Experiment
A wind tunnel experiment investigates the pressure distribution on an airfoil. Sensors along the cho
Analyzing a Pressure-Flow Graph for a Fluid Pipe System
A graph is provided showing the relationship between pressure and flow rate in a controlled pipe sys
Analyzing Pressure Distribution in a Rotating Fluid
A cylindrical container filled with fluid rotates at a constant angular velocity. The rotation creat
Analyzing Pressure in a U-Tube Manometer
A U-tube manometer utilizes two different fluids (water and mercury) to measure pressure differences
Analyzing Submerged Structures in Fluids
A marine structure is designed to float partially submerged in a lake. The structure has a total mas
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation in Fluid Flow
A researcher studies water flow through a pipe system that gradually narrows. Bernoulli’s equation,
Bernoulli’s Equation and Venturi Meter
A Venturi meter is installed in a pipe to measure fluid flow. The meter provides different pressure
Bernoulli's Equation in Pipe Flow
A pump forces water through a horizontal pipe that includes a constriction. At Point 1 (just after t
Bernoulli's Equation with Incorrect Height Reference
A student constructs an experiment using a pipe system with both horizontal and vertical segments to
Bernoulli's Flow Analysis
This problem applies Bernoulli's equation to analyze changes in fluid pressure due to variations in
Bernoulli's Pressure-Velocity Analysis
In a fluid dynamics experiment, water is pumped through a horizontal pipe that gradually narrows. Th
Bernoulli's Pressure-Velocity Experiment
An experiment was conducted on fluid flow in a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas. The table be
Bernoulli’s Principle and Air Flow Over an Airfoil
An airfoil (wing cross-section) diagram shows streamlines of air with different velocities above and
Bernoulli’s Principle in Spillway Flow
This problem applies Bernoulli’s principle to analyze water flow over a spillway and to discuss ener
Buoyancy and Floating Object Experiment
An object with a mass of $$150 \; kg$$ and a volume of $$0.75 \; m^3$$ is placed in ethyl alcohol, w
Buoyancy and Fractional Submersion
An object with a mass of $$150\,kg$$ and a volume of $$0.75\,m^3$$ is placed in a liquid of density
Buoyancy and Submerged Fraction
An object with mass m = 150 kg and volume V = 0.75 m³ is floating in ethyl alcohol (density = 800 kg
Buoyancy and Volume Fraction Analysis
A researcher studies buoyancy by examining how much of an object is submerged when floating. The exp
Buoyancy Experiment: Verifying Archimedes' Principle
Design an experiment to measure the buoyant force on objects immersed in different fluids and thereb
Buoyancy in Multi-fluid Systems
This problem examines buoyancy when an object is in contact with two immiscible fluids, requiring de
Capillary Action: Investigating the Rise of Liquid in Narrow Tubes
Design an experiment to measure the capillary rise of a liquid in tubes of various diameters. Your e
Compressibility Effects in High-Pressure Fluid Systems
In a high-pressure hydraulic system, fluid compressibility effects, though typically small in liquid
Continuity Equation in a Non-Uniform Pipe
A researcher is analyzing water flow in a circular pipe whose diameter changes along its length. At
Critical Evaluation of a Fluid Mechanics Diagram
Below is a schematic diagram representing the flow of a fluid over a streamlined object (such as an
Density and Pressure of a Cement Column
A vertical cement column with a base area of $$0.5 \cdot m^2$$ and a height of $$2 \cdot m$$ is cons
Density Determination via Fluid Displacement
Design an experiment to measure the density of an irregularly shaped object using the method of flui
Depth-Dependent Pressure Analysis
A cylindrical tank is filled with oil having a density of $$800\;kg/m^3$$. The oil column has a heig
Designing a Water Fountain: Pressure and Flow
A landscape architect is designing a water fountain and needs the water jet to reach a maximum heigh
Dynamic Pressure in a Wind Tunnel
In a wind tunnel experiment, air flows at a speed of $$15\,m/s$$. Given that the density of air is $
Effect of Fluid Density on Buoyancy Force
An object with a fixed volume of $$0.1 \; m^3$$ is fully submerged in two different fluids. Answer t
Effect of Temperature on Fluid Density and Hydrostatic Pressure
Design an experiment to measure how the density of a fluid changes with temperature and how these ch
Energy Conservation in Fluid Flows
Using Bernoulli's equation, derive an expression that relates the change in kinetic energy per unit
Energy Conversion in Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems utilize fluid flow to convert energy and perform work. As fluid flows, energy is t
Experimental Design: Measuring Fluid Density Using Displacement
A researcher aims to measure the density of an unknown liquid using a water displacement method in a
Flow Rate in a Constricted Pipe Using the Continuity Equation
Water flows through a horizontal pipe that changes diameter. At Section 1 the pipe has a radius of 3
Flow Through a Rectangular Duct
A duct has a rectangular cross-section with a width of 0.3 m and a height of 0.5 m.
Fluid Density and Hydrostatic Pressure Calculation
A liquid sample has a mass of $$0.8 \; kg$$ and occupies a volume of $$10^{-3} \; m^3$$. In a separa
Fluid Dynamics in Natural Systems: River Flow Analysis
A river exhibits variations in cross-sectional area along its course due to natural and man-made con
Fluid Flow in a River: Application of the Continuity Equation
A field study of a river involves measuring water flow through sections of differing cross-sectional
Fluid Flow in Circular and Rectangular Channels
Two channels are used to transport water: Channel 1 is circular with a diameter $$d$$, and Channel 2
Fluid Flow in Industrial Piping Systems
In an industrial setup, water is transported through pipes with varying diameters. Measurements for
Fluid Flow Through an Orifice
A large tank drains water through a small orifice at its bottom. According to Torricelli’s law, the
Fluid Pressure in a Rotating System
In a rotating cylindrical container, a fluid forms a parabolic free surface due to the centrifugal e
Hydraulic Lift Design
A hydraulic lift employs two pistons connected by an incompressible fluid. The small piston has an a
Hydrostatic Pressure in a Stratified Lake
In a lake experiencing a temperature gradient, water density increases with depth. Suppose the top 0
Hydrostatic Pressure in a Tank
This problem analyzes hydrostatic pressure in a fluid and the effect of atmospheric pressure on tota
Hydrostatic Pressure in an Open Tank
A researcher is investigating the hydrostatic pressure in an open water tank. The tank holds water w
Hydrostatic Pressure Miscalculation Experiment
A student sets up an experiment to measure the pressure at the bottom of a water tank. The student f
Investigating Fluid Viscosity Effects on Flow
Fluid viscosity plays a significant role in determining flow characteristics. High viscosity fluids
Investigating Temperature Dependence of Fluid Density
The density of a liquid changes with temperature. A table below provides measurements of density at
Measurement of Flow Rate in a Venturi Meter
A venturi meter is installed in a pipeline to measure flow rate by producing a pressure drop at the
Measuring Buoyant Force with a Submerged Object
A student conducts an experiment to measure the buoyant force acting on an object of volume $$0.2 \c
Multi-Stage Fluid Dynamics Analysis in a Piping Network
A fluid flows through a piping network with three segments having different diameters and elevation
Net Force on a Submerged Curved Surface
Consider a dome-shaped, curved window that is fully submerged in water. The pressure on the surface
Non-uniform Flow Channel Velocity Measurement Error
A student designs an experiment to measure the velocity of water in an open channel that has section
Non-uniform Flow Through Constricted Channel Error
A student constructs an apparatus to measure fluid velocity in a channel that narrows and changes sh
Open Channel Pressure Measurement
In an open channel flow experiment, gauge pressures were measured at different depths below the free
Pressure Changes with Altitude
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. A graph shows measured pressures at various altitudes.
Pressure Exerted by Fluid Column
A researcher investigates the variation of pressure with depth in a fluid contained within a transpa
Pressure Variations in a Natural Lake
This question connects fluid mechanics with environmental applications by calculating hydrostatic pr
Pump Power in a Multi-Elevation Piping System
A pump moves water (density = 1000 kg/m³) through a piping system where the water is elevated by 2 m
Pump Work Analysis in a Closed Fluid Circuit
In a closed fluid circuit, a pump is used to circulate water so that it maintains a constant flow ra
Quantitative Analysis of Pressure Distribution in an Accelerating Fluid
A rectangular container with a length of $$2 \cdot m$$ is filled with water (density = $$1000 \cdot
Solar-Powered Water Pump Analysis in a Remote Village
In a remote village, a solar-powered water pump extracts water from a well 20 m deep. The pump must
Submerged Volume Determination Error in Buoyancy Experiment
A student designs an experiment to determine what fraction of an object's volume is submerged when i
Temperature Effects on Fluid Density and Pressure
A particular fluid has a density of 950 kg/m³ at 20°C and its density decreases by 0.2% for every 1°
Testing Bernoulli's Principle in a Venturi Tube
A researcher is using a Venturi tube to study fluid velocities in water (density = $$1000\;kg/m^{3}$
Turbulent vs. Laminar Flow in a Conduit
A fluid flows through a horizontal pipe, and its flow regime (laminar or turbulent) depends on the R
Viscosity Effects on Flow Rate in Capillary Tubes
Design an experiment to study how fluid viscosity affects the flow rate through capillary tubes. You
Viscosity Neglect in Pipeline Flow Rate Experiment
A student conducts an experiment to measure the volume flow rate of oil through a pipeline with sect
Water Rocket Thrust Analysis
A water rocket uses pressurized water expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. A popular claim
Adiabatic Expansion and Temperature Change
An ideal diatomic gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion. For such a process, the relation $$T*V^{\gam
Adiabatic Process Calculations
An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion, meaning that no heat is exchanged with the surroundin
Combined Thermodynamic Processes
A gas initially at state A \((P = 2.0\times10^5 \text{ Pa}, V = 0.01 \text{ m}^3, T = 300 \text{ K})
Comparative Analysis of Convection and Radiation Heating
A scientist conducts an experiment comparing two heating methods: convection and radiation. The tabl
Comparative Analysis of Heat Engine Cycles
Two heat engines, Engine A and Engine B, operate under different conditions. Their heat inputs and o
Comparing Thermal Conductivity of Materials
A researcher compares the heat conduction properties of copper and aluminum rods of identical dimens
Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different paths: one is isotherm
Conduction Heat Transfer: Experimental Design for Material Thermal Conductivity Measurements
Heat conduction through materials depends on their thermal conductivity. Design an experiment to mea
Conduction, Specific Heat, and Temperature Change
A metal rod of mass 2 kg and specific heat capacity 400 J/(kg·K) is heated by supplying 8000 J of en
Designing a Thermos: Minimizing Heat Transfer
A thermos is designed to keep liquids hot by minimizing heat transfer. Discuss the design features c
Determining Molecular Mass of a Gas via Ideal Gas Law Measurements: Experimental Design
The molecular mass of a gas can be determined by measuring its pressure, volume, temperature, and th
Effect of Molar Mass on Gas Velocity
The relation $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 * k_{B} * T}{m}}$$ indicates that the molar mass of gas molec
Effect of Temperature on rms Velocity
An experiment is conducted to investigate how changes in temperature affect the root mean square (rm
Evaluating Experimental Error in the Ideal Gas Law Measurements
A laboratory experiment uses measured values of pressure, volume, and temperature to calculate the n
Exploring Adiabatic Cooling and Heating in Atmospheric Processes
Adiabatic processes are crucial for understanding weather phenomena. When air parcels rise, they exp
Gas Pressure in Constant Volume Experiment
In a constant-volume experiment, a sealed container is heated and the resulting pressure is measured
Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
In calorimetry, the specific heat capacity of a substance is determined by measuring temperature cha
Heat Engine Work Cycle Analysis
A heat engine operates by drawing $$Q_H = 800\,J$$ of heat from a high-temperature source and discar
Heat Transfer by Conduction in Building Insulation
A building wall is made of a material with thermal conductivity $$k = 0.04\;W/(m*K)$$. The wall has
Heat Transfer Conduction/Convection Experiment Error
A student investigates heat transfer through a metal rod by heating one end and measuring temperatur
Impact of Temperature Variations on Gas Density
An experiment investigates how the density of a gas in a container changes as the temperature is inc
Influence of Molecular Mass on Gas Pressure and Speed
Two gases are each confined in identical rigid containers. Both contain the same number of molecules
Investigating Specific Heat and Energy Transfer in Gases
The specific heat capacity at constant volume, \(C_V\), is a measure of the energy required to raise
Investigating the Role of Atmospheric Pressure in Sealed Container Systems
The net force on a container’s lid results from the difference between the internal gas pressure and
Kinetic Energy Distribution in Gas Samples
Two gas samples at different temperatures are analyzed to determine the average kinetic energy and t
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis
A researcher claims that increasing the temperature of a gas not only increases the average speed of
Net Force on a Surface in Thermal Equilibrium
A lid covers a cylindrical container with an internal gas pressure of $$1.018 \times 10^5\,Pa$$, whi
Pressure Force in a Confined Gas
A cylindrical container of radius 15 cm and height 30 cm contains 0.6 mole of an ideal gas at 433 K.
Pressure Sensor Calibration Error in Gas Experiment
In an experiment intended to verify the Ideal Gas Law, a student uses a pressure sensor to record th
Temperature Change and Molecular Speed Distribution
The root mean square speed of gas molecules is given by $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 * k_{B} * T}{m}}$$
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law
In an experiment, two objects (A and C) both have temperatures measured at $$300\;K$$. A third objec
Thermodynamic Analysis of an Ice Melting Process
When heat is added to a substance at its melting point, the phase change occurs without a change in
Thermodynamic Efficiency and Real Engines
Real heat engines are subject to various losses and cannot achieve the ideal efficiencies predicted
Thermodynamic Process Data Analysis: Evaluating P–V and T–S Diagrams
Graphs such as P–V and T–S diagrams provide insight into the energy changes in a system during therm
Understanding Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, an
Work Calculation in Sequential Thermodynamic Processes
A gas undergoes a two-step process: an isobaric expansion followed by an isochoric heating. Using th
Analysis of Electric Field Lines and Equipotential Surfaces
A mapping experiment was performed to visualize the electric field lines and equipotential surfaces
Analyzing Electric Field Variation Above a Charged Plate
An experiment measured the electric potential at various distances from a large, uniformly charged p
Capacitance Measurement: Edge Effects Neglect
In an experiment to measure the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor, a student builds the capa
Capacitor Voltage and Plate Area Calculation
A parallel-plate capacitor holds a charge of $$50\;\mu C$$ on each plate and has a capacitance of $$
Comparison of Dipole and Monopole Field Mapping
A simulation experiment compares equipotential maps for a single point charge (monopole) and for a d
Coulomb's Law in a Dielectric Medium
Two point charges q₁ and q₂ are placed in a medium with dielectric constant κ = 3. Answer the follow
Determining Capacitor Properties from Energy Storage
A parallel-plate capacitor stores a charge of 50 μC and has a capacitance of 10 nanofarads. The plat
Distance Dependence in Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's Law quantitatively describes the force between two point charges as inversely proportional
Electric Field from an Infinite Charged Sheet
Consider a large sheet with a uniform surface charge density σ = 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ C/m².
Electric Field Line Patterns and Interpretation
Electric field lines provide a visual representation of the electric field in space. Analyze a given
Electric Force Sensor Alignment Experiment
A student uses an electric force sensor mounted on a pivot to measure the net force on a test charge
Electric Potential Dependence Experiment
An experiment is conducted to measure the electric potential at various distances from a fixed point
Electric Potential Energy Conversion in a Charged Projectile Experiment
An experiment is conducted to analyze the conversion of electrical potential energy into kinetic ene
Electric Potential Gradient from a Point Charge
A student measures the electric potential \(V\) as a function of distance \(r\) from a fixed point c
Electric Potential Measurement Setup: Reference Point Error
An experiment is set up to measure the electric potential around a fixed point charge. A voltmeter i
Electric vs. Gravitational Forces in a Hydrogen Atom
Consider a hydrogen atom where the proton (charge $$+e$$) and electron (charge $$-e$$) are separated
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 nF is charged to a potential difference of 500 V.
Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Discharge Process Oversight
An experiment is conducted to measure the energy stored in a charged capacitor. The capacitor is cha
Equipotential Mapping Experiment
Students conduct an experiment to map the equipotential lines created by a single fixed point charge
Experimental Validation of Coulomb’s Law
An experiment is conducted to verify Coulomb’s law by measuring the force between two small charged
Force and Potential Energy in the Hydrogen Atom
For a hydrogen atom, consider the proton and electron separated by a distance of 0.5×10^-10 m. Using
Forces in the Hydrogen Atom
Consider a hydrogen atom in which a proton (mass = 1.6×10⁻²⁷ kg, charge +e) and an electron (mass =
Impact of a Dielectric on a Capacitor's Properties
A parallel-plate capacitor with a plate separation of $$1.0\,mm$$ and plate area of $$0.05\,m^2$$ is
Parallel Plate Capacitor Experiment: Dielectric Misconception
An experiment is designed to measure the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor by arranging two
Potential Difference in a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area A = 0.05 m² separated by a distance d = 0.001 m and is
Potential Energy Change in a Non-Uniform Field
Consider a fixed point charge $$Q$$. A test charge $$q$$ moves from a distance $$r_A$$ to $$r_B$$ fr
Proton-Electron Force Comparison
This question examines the forces between a proton and an electron in a hydrogen atom and requires y
RC Circuit Charging
A researcher investigates the charging behavior of a capacitor in an RC circuit. The circuit contain
RC Discharge of a Capacitor
A capacitor charged to an initial potential of 100 V is connected in series with a resistor, forming
Square Charge Configuration
A researcher sets up a square configuration in vacuum with four point charges placed at the corners
Superposition of Electric Fields: Square Charge Configuration
Four identical positive point charges are fixed at the vertices of a square with side length 0.20 m.
Surface Charge Distribution on Irregular Conductors
The distribution of surface charge on conductors is influenced by the geometry of the surface. This
Verification of Charge Quantization
A researcher performs an oil drop experiment to verify the quantization of electric charge. The meas
Work and Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
A positive charge of $$+1.0*10^{-2}$$ C is moved a distance of 0.15 m in the direction of a uniform
Work Calculation in a Non-Uniform Electric Field
An experiment tracks the work done on a charge as it moves through a non-uniform electric field crea
Work in a Non-Uniform Electric Field
A researcher moves a charge in the non-uniform electric field generated by a fixed point charge. The
Analyzing Equivalent Resistance in a Mixed Resistor Network
A student conducts an experiment to find the equivalent resistance of a circuit that includes a 4 Ω
Analyzing Series-Parallel Combinations of Capacitors
Capacitors can be combined in series or parallel to yield different equivalent capacitances. Answer
Assessing Charging Curves of Capacitors in Series and Parallel
An experiment claims that the charging curves of capacitors differ based on whether they are arrange
Circuit Analysis Using Kirchhoff's Laws
Consider a circuit with a battery of $$12\,V$$ connected to a series resistor $$R_1 = 4\,\Omega$$, w
Circuit Analysis with Multiple Voltage Sources
A circuit contains two batteries with EMFs of 12 V and 9 V connected in opposition (i.e., the positi
Circuit Design for Energy Efficiency
An engineer designs two circuits using the same 12 V battery but with different resistor network con
Circuit Diagram Analysis
Examine the following circuit diagram and answer the questions below. The diagram is meant to repres
Comparative Analysis of Series and Parallel Circuit Configurations
In an experiment, two circuit configurations are tested: one with resistors arranged in series and o
Comparison of Energy Storage in Capacitors and Batteries
Both capacitors and batteries store energy, but they do so via different physical mechanisms. Answer
Data Analysis of Electric Circuit Measurements
In a laboratory experiment, students measured the voltage drop across a resistor at various currents
Designing an Experiment to Measure Current in a Complex Circuit
Propose an experimental procedure to measure the current distribution in a complex circuit containin
Determining Equivalent Resistance in Mixed Resistor Networks
A circuit is constructed using three resistors: one resistor of 100 \(\Omega\), one of 200 \(\Omega\
Determining Resistivity from Measured Data
A student measures several parameters of a wire in order to calculate its resistivity.
Effect of Capacitance Variation on Steady-State Voltage
A capacitor is initially charged to $$15 \text{ V}$$. Two scenarios are considered when its physical
Effect of Resistor Arrangement on Circuit Current Distribution
A circuit consists of a 12 V battery connected to a resistor network featuring both series and paral
Effect of Varying Resistivity
A wire of constant length and cross-sectional area is fabricated from different materials. This prob
Equivalent Capacitance of Mixed Capacitor Networks
Three capacitors are connected in a network. Capacitor $$C_1 = 4\,\mu F$$ is connected in series wit
Equivalent Resistance in Complex Resistor Networks
A circuit consists of five resistors arranged as follows: Resistors $$R_1$$ and $$R_2$$ (each $$10\,
Evaluation of Circuit Performance with a Faulty Capacitor (Capacitor Failure Analysis)
A capacitor in an RC circuit, which is expected to be 47 μF, is suspected of being faulty due to lea
Examining Charge Retention in Capacitors: Steady State vs. Transient
A capacitor in a circuit can behave differently depending on whether the battery remains connected o
Experimental Determination of Resistivity
You are tasked with determining the resistivity $$\rho$$ of an unknown metallic wire. Given: length
Impact of Internal Resistance on Battery Terminal Voltage
A battery with an emf of $$12 \text{ V}$$ and an internal resistance of $$2 \Omega$$ is connected to
Investigating Battery Internal Resistance using a Series Circuit
A student designs an experiment to measure the internal resistance (r) of a battery. The setup consi
Investigating the Effect of Capacitor Dielectric Constant on Capacitance
In a laboratory experiment, capacitors are built using different dielectric materials. The capacitan
Investigating the Impact of Wire Geometry on Electrical Resistance
A claim is made that the resistance of a wire depends on its length and cross-sectional area as desc
Investigative Lab on Short-Circuiting Capacitors and Resistors
A misconfigured circuit experiment resulted in a capacitor being inadvertently short-circuited by co
Kirchhoff's Laws in a Multi-branch Circuit
An experimental circuit with multiple junctions is analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The table below
Multi-Loop Circuit Analysis Using Kirchhoff’s Laws
A circuit consists of two loops sharing a common resistor. Loop 1 contains a battery of $$10 \text{
Multi-loop Circuit Analysis: Equivalent Resistance Calculation
Consider a circuit with two interconnected loops sharing a common resistor. Loop 1 contains a batter
Non-Ohmic Behavior in Real-World Devices
Some devices, such as filament bulbs or semiconductors, exhibit non-ohmic behavior, meaning their V-
Power Dissipation Analysis
A resistor with resistance $$R = 50\,\Omega$$ is connected across a 20 V battery. Calculate:
Power Dissipation Analysis in Resistive Networks
Consider a circuit powered by a $$24 \text{ V}$$ battery. The circuit consists of a series resistor
Resistivity and Material Properties
In a study of different conductive materials, wires of identical dimensions (length = 2 m, cross-sec
Series and Parallel Circuit Analysis
In this problem, you will analyze a circuit that comprises a combination of resistors in both series
Series-Parallel Circuit with Capacitors and Resistors
A complex circuit is built with both resistor and capacitor networks. In the resistor network, resis
Transient Behavior in RC Circuit: Initial vs Steady-State
An RC circuit is constructed with a $$12~V$$ battery, and two branches: one branch contains a $$6~\O
Understanding Charging and Discharging Curves of Capacitors
In an experiment, a capacitor is alternately charged by connecting it to a battery and then discharg
Analysis of a Two-Component Magnetic Circuit
Consider a magnetic circuit composed of two adjacent materials (A and B) with different permeabiliti
Analysis of Magnetic Field vs. Distance for a Current-Carrying Wire
An experiment measures the magnetic field at various distances from a long, straight current-carryin
Analyzing Induced EMF with Sinusoidal Variation
Consider a loop in which the magnetic flux varies sinusoidally over time, described by $$\Theta_B(t)
Calculating Magnetic Flux in a Non-Uniform Magnetic Field
A rectangular loop with width $$w = 0.2$$ m and height $$h = 0.3$$ m is placed in a magnetic field t
Calculating Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
A charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field. Use the information provided to answer th
Calculating Magnetic Force on a Proton Near a Wire
This FRQ involves calculating the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying wire and determinin
Combined Effects of Motion and Rotation in a Varying Magnetic Field
A loop of wire is simultaneously moving linearly and rotating while situated in a time-varying magne
Designing a Magnetic Speed Sensor Using Motional EMF
In a laboratory experiment, a metal rod moves through a uniform magnetic field of strength $$B = 0.5
Effect of Coil Geometry on Induced EMF
In this experiment, students design coils with varying numbers of turns and measure the induced emf
Effect of Material's Magnetic Permeability
Magnetic permeability is a material property that affects how a material responds to an external mag
Electromagnetic Induction in Generators
This FRQ integrates the principles of Faraday's law to model the operation of an electromagnetic gen
Equilibrium of Forces on a Moving Conductor
Consider a conductor moving with constant velocity $$v$$ through a uniform magnetic field $$B$$. The
Exploration of Magnetic Flux Through a Rotating Loop
A circular loop of radius 0.03 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T and rotated from 0°
Exploring Eddy Currents and Energy Dissipation
Eddy currents are induced in conductors when exposed to changing magnetic fields, and they can lead
Faraday's Law in a Rotating Loop
A circular loop of radius $$r = 0.03 m$$ is placed in a uniform magnetic field of $$B = 0.2 T$$. The
Faraday's Law in Rotating Loop Experiment
An experiment is conducted in which a circular loop rotates at a constant angular speed in a uniform
Force on a Moving Charge
This FRQ focuses on calculating the magnetic force on a moving charge and interpreting its direction
Induced EMF in a Rectangular Loop Under Rotation
A rectangular loop of wire measuring 0.1 m by 0.2 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T.
Induced EMF in a Rectangular Loop with Changing Area
A rectangular loop of wire has one side that can slide, causing the area of the loop to increase ove
Induced EMF in a Rotating Rod
A conducting rod of length $$L = 0.4 m$$ rotates about one end in a uniform magnetic field $$B = 0.3
Investigating Induced Current in a Loop with Changing Orientation
Design an experiment to investigate how changing the orientation of a loop relative to a magnetic fi
Investigating the Effect of Coil Turns on Induced EMF
An experiment is conducted using solenoids with different numbers of turns to study their effect on
Magnetic Field around a Current-Carrying Wire
A long, straight wire carries a current of $$I = 10 A$$. a) Using the formula $$B = \frac{\mu_0}{2
Magnetic Field Lines Visualization
In this FRQ, you will explore the physical basis and representation of magnetic fields around a bar
Magnetic Flux and Loop Angle
A circular loop of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field. Its orientation relative to the field
Magnetic Flux Change in a Rotating Loop
A circular loop of wire is rotating in a uniform magnetic field, causing a time-dependent change in
Mapping Magnetic Field Using Iron Filings
Students perform an experiment to visualize the magnetic field around a bar magnet by sprinkling iro
Motional EMF in Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields
Moving conductors in non-uniform magnetic fields can develop complex distributions of induced emf. A
Right-Hand Rule Applications in Magnetic Force Directions
Using the right-hand rule, determine the direction of the force on charged particles moving in a mag
Rotating Coil and Faraday’s Law Experiment
Design an experiment to test Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction by using a coil rotating in
Solenoid Magnetic Field Measurement Experiment
A team of students sets out to measure the magnetic field inside a solenoid using a Hall effect sens
Time-Dependent Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop
Design an experiment to investigate how the induced emf in a rotating loop varies over time, particu
Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
A rectangular current loop placed in a uniform magnetic field experiences a torque that tends to ali
U-Shaped Wire and Magnetic Force Equilibrium
A U-shaped wire with a mass of $$m = 0.2 kg$$ has a horizontal middle segment of length $$L = 0.4 m$
U-Shaped Wire Current Balance
A researcher studies a U-shaped wire with three segments (two vertical legs and one horizontal segme
Vector Cross Product in Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on a moving charge is given by a vector cross product. Analyze this vector relati
Analysis of Polarization and Malus' Law
This question explores the concept of polarization, quantitative analysis using Malus' law, and requ
Chromatic Aberration in Lenses
Chromatic aberration occurs when a lens fails to focus all wavelengths to the same point. Answer the
Concave Mirror Image Analysis
An object of height $$4 \text{ cm}$$ is placed $$30 \text{ cm}$$ in front of a concave mirror with a
Concave Mirror Image Characteristics
Concave mirrors can produce images that are real or virtual depending on the object position. Analyz
Concave Mirror: Real vs. Virtual Image Error Analysis
A student performs an experiment using a concave mirror to form an image of an object. The experimen
Convex Mirror Image Analysis
A researcher is examining a convex mirror. An object of height 5 cm is placed 40 cm in front of a co
Determining Index of Refraction Using Critical Angle Measurements
A student conducts an experiment to determine the index of refraction of a transparent material by m
Diffraction Grating Analysis
A diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter is used to analyze light of wavelength $$650*10
Diffraction Gratings
A diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter is illuminated by monochromatic light of wavele
Diverging Lens: Image Formation Analysis
This question involves analyzing image formation by a diverging lens using the thin lens equation an
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Vacuum
Maxwell's equations imply that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at a constant speed $$c$$
Electromagnetic Wave Properties and Polarization
An electromagnetic wave is produced by an oscillating charge in free space. Consider a green light w
Electromagnetic Waves: Frequency and Polarization
This question investigates the characteristics of electromagnetic waves including the calculation of
Experimental Design: Evaluating Light Behavior in Combined Mirror-Lens Systems
An optical system combines a concave mirror and a converging lens to form an image. The following ta
Frequency Determination of Green Light: Speed of Light Misassumption
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An experiment using Young's double-slit setup produced the table below showing fringe positions. Ass
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An experiment is conducted where a light ray passes from air into an unknown medium, and the followi
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Note Tips from Former AP Students
- Of course, make sure to run through College Board's past FRQ questions!
- Once you’re done with those go through all the questions in the AP Physics 2: Algebra-BasedFree Response Room. You can answer the question and have it grade you against the rubric so you know exactly where to improve.
- Reddit it also a great place to find AP free response questions that other students may have access to.